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    <li><a href="#什么是-socket">什么是 Socket?</a></li>
    <li><a href="#socket函数">socket()函数</a>
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        <li><a href="#参数">参数</a></li>
        <li><a href="#socket-对象内建方法">Socket 对象(内建)方法</a></li>
      </ul>
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    <li><a href="#简单实例">简单实例</a>
      <ul>
        <li><a href="#服务端">服务端</a></li>
        <li><a href="#客户端">客户端</a></li>
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    <article class="post">
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            <h1 class="post-title">Python3网络编程</h1>
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        <date class="post-meta meta-date">
            2021年9月15日
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        <div class="post-meta">
            <span>|</span>
            
            <span class="meta-category"><a href='/categories/python'>python</a></span>
            
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                    阅读</span></span>
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            <h1 id="python3-网络编程">Python3 网络编程</h1>
<p>Python 提供了两个级别访问的网络服务。：</p>
<ul>
<li>低级别的网络服务支持基本的 Socket，它提供了标准的 BSD Sockets API，可以访问底层操作系统Socket接口的全部方法。</li>
<li>高级别的网络服务模块 SocketServer， 它提供了服务器中心类，可以简化网络服务器的开发。</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="什么是-socket">什么是 Socket?</h2>
<p>Socket又称&quot;套接字&quot;，应用程序通常通过&quot;套接字&quot;向网络发出请求或者应答网络请求，使主机间或者一台计算机上的进程间可以通讯。</p>
<hr>
<h2 id="socket函数">socket()函数</h2>
<p>Python 中，我们用 socket() 函数来创建套接字，语法格式如下：</p>
<pre><code>socket.socket([family[, type[, proto]]])
</code></pre><h3 id="参数">参数</h3>
<ul>
<li>family: 套接字家族可以是 AF_UNIX 或者 AF_INET</li>
<li>type: 套接字类型可以根据是面向连接的还是非连接分为<code>SOCK_STREAM</code>或<code>SOCK_DGRAM</code></li>
<li>protocol: 一般不填默认为0.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="socket-对象内建方法">Socket 对象(内建)方法</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left">函数</th>
<th style="text-align:left">描述</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">服务器端套接字</td>
<td style="text-align:left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">s.bind()</td>
<td style="text-align:left">绑定地址（host,port）到套接字， 在AF_INET下,以元组（host,port）的形式表示地址。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">s.listen()</td>
<td style="text-align:left">开始TCP监听。backlog指定在拒绝连接之前，操作系统可以挂起的最大连接数量。该值至少为1，大部分应用程序设为5就可以了。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">s.accept()</td>
<td style="text-align:left">被动接受TCP客户端连接,(阻塞式)等待连接的到来</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">客户端套接字</td>
<td style="text-align:left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">s.connect()</td>
<td style="text-align:left">主动初始化TCP服务器连接，。一般address的格式为元组（hostname,port），如果连接出错，返回socket.error错误。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">s.connect_ex()</td>
<td style="text-align:left">connect()函数的扩展版本,出错时返回出错码,而不是抛出异常</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">公共用途的套接字函数</td>
<td style="text-align:left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">s.recv()</td>
<td style="text-align:left">接收TCP数据，数据以字符串形式返回，bufsize指定要接收的最大数据量。flag提供有关消息的其他信息，通常可以忽略。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">s.send()</td>
<td style="text-align:left">发送TCP数据，将string中的数据发送到连接的套接字。返回值是要发送的字节数量，该数量可能小于string的字节大小。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">s.sendall()</td>
<td style="text-align:left">完整发送TCP数据，完整发送TCP数据。将string中的数据发送到连接的套接字，但在返回之前会尝试发送所有数据。成功返回None，失败则抛出异常。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">s.recvfrom()</td>
<td style="text-align:left">接收UDP数据，与recv()类似，但返回值是（data,address）。其中data是包含接收数据的字符串，address是发送数据的套接字地址。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">s.sendto()</td>
<td style="text-align:left">发送UDP数据，将数据发送到套接字，address是形式为（ipaddr，port）的元组，指定远程地址。返回值是发送的字节数。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">s.close()</td>
<td style="text-align:left">关闭套接字</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">s.getpeername()</td>
<td style="text-align:left">返回连接套接字的远程地址。返回值通常是元组（ipaddr,port）。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">s.getsockname()</td>
<td style="text-align:left">返回套接字自己的地址。通常是一个元组(ipaddr,port)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">s.setsockopt(level,optname,value)</td>
<td style="text-align:left">设置给定套接字选项的值。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">s.getsockopt(level,optname[.buflen])</td>
<td style="text-align:left">返回套接字选项的值。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">s.settimeout(timeout)</td>
<td style="text-align:left">设置套接字操作的超时期，timeout是一个浮点数，单位是秒。值为None表示没有超时期。一般，超时期应该在刚创建套接字时设置，因为它们可能用于连接的操作（如connect()）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">s.gettimeout()</td>
<td style="text-align:left">返回当前超时期的值，单位是秒，如果没有设置超时期，则返回None。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">s.fileno()</td>
<td style="text-align:left">返回套接字的文件描述符。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">s.setblocking(flag)</td>
<td style="text-align:left">如果 flag 为 False，则将套接字设为非阻塞模式，否则将套接字设为阻塞模式（默认值）。非阻塞模式下，如果调用 recv() 没有发现任何数据，或 send() 调用无法立即发送数据，那么将引起 socket.error 异常。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">s.makefile()</td>
<td style="text-align:left">创建一个与该套接字相关连的文件</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<hr>
<h2 id="简单实例">简单实例</h2>
<h3 id="服务端">服务端</h3>
<p>我们使用 socket 模块的 <strong>socket</strong> 函数来创建一个 socket 对象。socket 对象可以通过调用其他函数来设置一个 socket 服务。</p>
<p>现在我们可以通过调用 <strong>bind(hostname, port)</strong> 函数来指定服务的 <em>port(端口)</em>。</p>
<p>接着，我们调用 socket 对象的 <em>accept</em> 方法。该方法等待客户端的连接，并返回 <em>connection</em> 对象，表示已连接到客户端。</p>
<p>完整代码如下：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span style="color:#75715e">#!/usr/bin/python3</span>
<span style="color:#75715e"># 文件名：server.py</span>

<span style="color:#75715e"># 导入 socket、sys 模块</span>
<span style="color:#f92672">import</span> socket
<span style="color:#f92672">import</span> sys

<span style="color:#75715e"># 创建 socket 对象</span>
serversocket <span style="color:#f92672">=</span> socket<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>socket(
            socket<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>AF_INET, socket<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>SOCK_STREAM) 

<span style="color:#75715e"># 获取本地主机名</span>
host <span style="color:#f92672">=</span> socket<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>gethostname()

port <span style="color:#f92672">=</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">9999</span>

<span style="color:#75715e"># 绑定端口号</span>
serversocket<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>bind((host, port))

<span style="color:#75715e"># 设置最大连接数，超过后排队</span>
serversocket<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>listen(<span style="color:#ae81ff">5</span>)

<span style="color:#66d9ef">while</span> True:
    <span style="color:#75715e"># 建立客户端连接</span>
    clientsocket,addr <span style="color:#f92672">=</span> serversocket<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>accept()      

    <span style="color:#66d9ef">print</span>(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;连接地址: </span><span style="color:#e6db74">%s</span><span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;</span> <span style="color:#f92672">%</span> str(addr))
    
    msg<span style="color:#f92672">=</span><span style="color:#e6db74">&#39;欢迎访问luckly.work！&#39;</span><span style="color:#f92672">+</span> <span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;</span><span style="color:#ae81ff">\r\n</span><span style="color:#e6db74">&#34;</span>
    clientsocket<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>send(msg<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>encode(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#39;utf-8&#39;</span>))
    clientsocket<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>close()
</code></pre></div><h3 id="客户端">客户端</h3>
<p>接下来我们写一个简单的客户端实例连接到以上创建的服务。端口号为 9999。</p>
<p><strong>socket.connect(hosname, port )</strong> 方法打开一个 TCP 连接到主机为 <em>hostname</em> 端口为 <em>port</em> 的服务商。连接后我们就可以从服务端获取数据，记住，操作完成后需要关闭连接。</p>
<p>完整代码如下：</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre style="color:#f8f8f2;background-color:#272822;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span style="color:#75715e">#!/usr/bin/python3</span>
<span style="color:#75715e"># 文件名：client.py</span>

<span style="color:#75715e"># 导入 socket、sys 模块</span>
<span style="color:#f92672">import</span> socket
<span style="color:#f92672">import</span> sys

<span style="color:#75715e"># 创建 socket 对象</span>
s <span style="color:#f92672">=</span> socket<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>socket(socket<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>AF_INET, socket<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>SOCK_STREAM) 

<span style="color:#75715e"># 获取本地主机名</span>
host <span style="color:#f92672">=</span> socket<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>gethostname() 

<span style="color:#75715e"># 设置端口号</span>
port <span style="color:#f92672">=</span> <span style="color:#ae81ff">9999</span>

<span style="color:#75715e"># 连接服务，指定主机和端口</span>
s<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>connect((host, port))

<span style="color:#75715e"># 接收小于 1024 字节的数据</span>
msg <span style="color:#f92672">=</span> s<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>recv(<span style="color:#ae81ff">1024</span>)

s<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>close()

<span style="color:#66d9ef">print</span> (msg<span style="color:#f92672">.</span>decode(<span style="color:#e6db74">&#39;utf-8&#39;</span>))
</code></pre></div><p>现在我们打开两个终端，第一个终端执行 server.py 文件：</p>
<pre><code>$ python3 server.py
</code></pre><p>第二个终端执行 client.py 文件：</p>
<pre><code>$ python3 client.py 
欢迎访问luckly.work！
</code></pre><p>这时我们再打开第一个终端，就会看到有以下信息输出：</p>
<pre><code>连接地址： ('192.168.0.118', 33397)
</code></pre><h2 id="python-internet-模块">Python Internet 模块</h2>
<p>以下列出了 Python 网络编程的一些重要模块：</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left">协议</th>
<th style="text-align:left">功能用处</th>
<th style="text-align:left">端口号</th>
<th style="text-align:left">Python 模块</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">HTTP</td>
<td style="text-align:left">网页访问</td>
<td style="text-align:left">80</td>
<td style="text-align:left">httplib, urllib, xmlrpclib</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">NNTP</td>
<td style="text-align:left">阅读和张贴新闻文章，俗称为&quot;帖子&quot;</td>
<td style="text-align:left">119</td>
<td style="text-align:left">nntplib</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">FTP</td>
<td style="text-align:left">文件传输</td>
<td style="text-align:left">20</td>
<td style="text-align:left">ftplib, urllib</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">SMTP</td>
<td style="text-align:left">发送邮件</td>
<td style="text-align:left">25</td>
<td style="text-align:left">smtplib</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">POP3</td>
<td style="text-align:left">接收邮件</td>
<td style="text-align:left">110</td>
<td style="text-align:left">poplib</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">IMAP4</td>
<td style="text-align:left">获取邮件</td>
<td style="text-align:left">143</td>
<td style="text-align:left">imaplib</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">Telnet</td>
<td style="text-align:left">命令行</td>
<td style="text-align:left">23</td>
<td style="text-align:left">telnetlib</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">Gopher</td>
<td style="text-align:left">信息查找</td>
<td style="text-align:left">70</td>
<td style="text-align:left">gopherlib, urllib</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>更多内容可以参阅官网的 <a href="https://docs.python.org/3.0/library/socket.html">Python Socket Library and Modules</a>。</p>

        </div>

        
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